Ural State Forest Engineering University, Ekaterinburg, Russia

B. A. Potekhin, Professor of the Department of Technological Machines and Mechanical Engineering Technology, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: pba-nn@yandex.ru

A. S. Khristolyubov, Head of the Department of Development and Support of Information Systems, Candidate of Technical Sciences, e-mail: alexander-ural@mail.ru

Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Yu. S. Korobov, Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Laser and Plasma Treatment, Doctor of Technical Sciences, e-mail: yukorobov@gmail.com

PJSC Uralmashzavod, Ekaterinburg, Russia
T. E. Popova, Process Engineer, e-mail: tanya-25.01@mail.ru

The authors conducted comparative tribological tests (the coefficient of friction and the wear rate) on a group of anti-friction coatings from bronzes BrO10 produced by casting, BrKMts 3-1, Al bronze DT-CuAl8 and BrZhNA 12-7-1 produced by the weld deposition in argon with solid or powder wire, and babbitts B83 and B88 produced by gas torch surfacing in propane-butane flame, plasma spraying, arc metallization. Formation of dendrites in bronze BrZhNA 12-7-1 was found within a wide range of cooling speeds characteristic of main processes of producing antifriction alloys: casting, weld deposition, spraying. The degree of dispersion of a dendritic component formed during the weld deposition process is significantly higher as compared with casting, ensuring an increase in strength of deposited metal by 30–50%. It has been shown that in conditions of boundary and fluid friction (Р = 1 MPa, V = 3 m/s, distance of friction is 100 km), wear of coatings from composite bronze BrZhNA 12-7-1 produced by the weld deposition is by 1.5–3 times lower than coatings from other typical anti-friction materials: babbitts (B83, B88), tin (BrO10) and tinless bronzes (BrKMts 3-1, DT-CuAl8) produced by the weld deposition and gas thermal spraying methods. The coefficient of friction of coatings from bronze BrZhNA 12-7-1 at 4.5 MPa is the same as for babbitt B83 and tin bronze BrO10. The conducted comparative tests indicate that argon arc welding of bronze BrZhNA 12-7-1 deposited on the steel base is workable enough both in the weld deposition without using intermediate layers and elimination of defects of intergranular penetration of copper in the steel base, when depositing bronzes.
The authors are grateful to E. P. Zavarzina (Junior Researcher, Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for her support of conducting structural studies, and S. P. Kochugov (Director of LLC NPP TSP) for his support of preparing coated samples for studies.
The research was conducted as part of the state order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (subject: Structure, No. 122021000033-2).

1. Chernavsky S. A. Plain bearings. Moscow : Mashgiz, 1963. 244 p.
2. Gulyaev A. P. Metal science. Moscow : Metallurgiya, 1977. 648 p.
3. Smiryagin A. P., Smiryagina N. A., Belova A. V. Industrial non-ferrous metals and alloys. Moscow : Metallurgiya, 1974. 488 p.
4. Potekhin B. A., Ilyushin V. V., Khristolyubov A. S. Effect of casting methods on the structure and properties of tin-based babbitt. Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov. 2009. No. 8 (650). pp. 16–21.
5. Khmel G. P., Krasnenko E. G., Ilyushenko V. M., Opanasenko S. I. The weld deposition of worn bronze parts of metallurgical equipment. Welding and weld deposition of copper and copper-based alloys : collection. Kyiv : Mezhdunarodnaya assotsiatsiya ”Svarka”, 2013. pp. 82–88.
6. Copper and copper alloys. Russian and foreign grades: Reference book. Osintsev O. E., Fedorov V. N. Moscow : Mashinostroenie, 2016. 360 p.
7. Shumyakov V. I., Potekhin B. A., Korobov Yu. S., Khristolyubov A. S. et al. Powder wire for anti-friction coatings. Patent RF, No. 170923. Applied: 30.06.2015. Published: 15.05.2017. Bulletin No. 14.
8. Slama P., Dlouhy J., Kover M. Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum bronze. Materials and Technology. 2014. Vol. 48, No. 4. pp. 599–604.
9. Chen L., Zhang Zh., Huang Y., Cui J. et al. Thermodynamic description of the Fe – Cu – C system. Calphad. 2019. Vol. 64. pp. 225–235.
10. Potehkin B. A., Khristolyubov A. S., Zhlyakov A. Yu. Development of composite bronzes reinforced by steel dendrites. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals. 2018. Vol. 59, No. 5. pp. 527–532.
11. Yi Wang, Jian Yin, Xiangbing Liu, Rongshan Wang et al. Precipitation kinetics in binary Fe – Cu and ternary Fe – Cu – Ni alloys via kMC method. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2017. Vol. 27, No. 4. pp. 460–466. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.06.005
12. Jiao Z. B., Luan J. H., Miller M. K., Yu C. Y., Liu C. T. Group precipitation and age hardening of nanostructured Fe-based alloys with ultra-high strengths. Scientific Reports. 2016. Vol. 6. 21364.
13. Junko Matsuda, Tatsumi Ishihara. Cu – Fe – Ni nano alloy particles obtained by exsolution from Cu(Ni)Fe2O4 for active anode of SOFCs. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019. Vol. 7, No. 45. pp. 26105–26115. DOI: 10.1039/C9TA09482B
14. Potekhin B. A., Ilyushin V. V., Khristolyubov A. S., Zhilyakov A. Yu., Ernandes A. A possibility of producing the composite alloy of bronze – martensite aging steel. Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov. 2013. No. 5. pp. 6–10.
15. Potekhin B. A., Khristolyubov A. S., Zhilyakov A. Yu. Structural features of deposited composite bronzes of type BrZhNKA 18-8-2-1. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2014. No. 4. pp. 67–73.
16. Reference book on iron casting. Girshovich N. G. Leningrad : Mashinostroenie, 1978. 760 p.
17. Kragelsky I. V. Friction and wear. 2^nd ed., updated and revised. Moscow : Mashinostroenie, 1968. 480 p.
18. GOST R 50740–95. Thribotechnical requirements and indices. Principles of provision. General. Introduced: 01.01.1996.
19. Materials science: textbook for universities. Arzamasov B. N. Moscow : Mashinostroenie, 1986. 384 p.
20. Pichuzhkin S. A., Chernobaev S. P., Vaynerman A. A. Repair of casting defects and corrosion damages of aluminum bronze products using argo n-arc welding with activating flux. Tsvetnye Metally. 2016. No. 10. pp. 99–104.
21. Maydanchuk T. B., Ilyushenko V. M., Bondarenko A. N. Effect of the weld deposition modes on intergranular penetration of high-tin bronze into steel. Avtomaticheskaya svarka. 2018. No. 3. pp. 34–37.
22. Ryabov V. R., Rabkin D. M., Kurochko R. S., Strizhevskaya L. G. Welding of dissimilar metals and alloys. Moscow : Mashinostroenie, 1984. 239 p.
23. Vaynerman A. E., Pichuzhkin S. A., Chernobaev S. P., Veretennikov M. M., Vaynerman A. A. New welding materials and technological features of their welding and weld deposition on products from copper alloys and dissimilar materials. The Petranev Readings. Welding materials – 2012 : collection of reports of the Saint Petersburg International Scientific and Technical Conference. 2012. pp. 141–147.