Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after. R. E. Alekseev (NNSTU), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

M. S. Anosov, Cand. Eng., Associate Prof., Dept. of Technology and Equipment of Mechanical Engineering, e-mail: anosov.ms@nntu.ru
M. A. Chernigin, Engineer, Dept. of Technology and Equipment of Mechanical Engineering, e-mail: honeybadger52@yandex.ru
Yu. S. Mordovina, Educational Process Engineer at the Institute of Professional Retraining, e-mail: ips4@nntu.ru
E. S. Anosova, Assistant, Dept. of Machine Automation, e-mail: katena.zav@mail.ru

Currently, 3D metal printing technologies are actively developing, among which the main ones are: layer-by-layer powder fusion (SLM), laser powder surfacing (LENS/DMD) and electric arc surfacing (WAAM). One of the promising methods of additive growing of products is the method of electric arc welding with wire (WAAM). However, as a result of the layered deposition of metal and its crystallization under nonequilibrium conditions, as well as multiple cycles of heating the metal above critical temperatures, the microstructure of the material obtained using additive technologies differs significantly from the structure of the material obtained by traditional methods. The purpose of this work was to study the structure and properties of 30KhGSA and 08KhMFA steels obtained by the WAAM method. Optical emission analysis of the deposited material showed the presence of carbon monoxide of alloying elements not exceeding the maximum grade deviations according to GOST for the studied steels. As a result of acoustic diagnostics, the dependence of the acoustic anisotropy parameter and strength properties on the direction of surfacing was established. Anisotropy is characteristic of both steels, which is confirmed by the results of tensile tests. The values of the strength properties of samples cut across the deposited layers are on average 20 % lower than the values for samples cut along the direction of surfacing. The use of vibration treatment in the surfacing process leads to a slight decrease in grain in the metal under study, while the strength properties of 30KhGSA and 08KhMFA steels practically do not change. Vibration treatment during metal surfacing has a significant effect on plastic properties: the elongation at tension – δ – increases by 6% relative to the initial one in all directions for 30KhGSA steel and by 11 and 27 % for 08KhMFA steel, depending on the direction of sample cutting. Quenching with high tempering leads to an increase in the strength properties of both steels; the strength properties of samples cut longitudinally from 30KhGSA steel practically reach the values specified in GOST 4543, i.e. the properties of hot-rolled material are achieved.
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-79-00095 “Development of scientific and technological foundations for the structure formation of structural materials obtained by additive electric arc manufacturing for the formation of mechanical properties during fatigue using artificial intelligence approaches”.

1. Jackson M. A., Van Asten A., Morrow J. D. et al. Energy consumption model for additive-subtractive manufacturing processes with case study. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2018. Vol. 5. pp. 459–466. DOI: 10.1007/s40684-018-0049-y
2. Wu Bintao, Pan Zengxi, Ding Donghong, Cuiuri D. et al. A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: Properties, defects and quality improvement. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2018. Vol. 35. P. 127–139. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.001
3. Oskolkov A. A., Matveev E. V., Bezukladnikov I. I., Trushnikov D. N. et al. Advanced technologies for additive manufacturing of metal products. Vestnik Permskogo natsionalnogo issledovatelskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Mashinostroenie, materialovedenie. 2018. Vol. 20. No. 3. pp. 90–105. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9877/2018.3.11
4. Cunningham C. R., Wikshåland S., Xu F. et al. Cost modelling and sensitivity analysis of wire and arc additive manufacturing. Procedia Manufacturing. 2017. Vol. 11. pp. 650–657. DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.163
5. Li J., Alkahari M. R., Rosli N. A. et al. Review of wire arc additive manufacturing for 3D metal printing. International Journal of Automation Technology. 2019. Vol. 13. pp. 346-353. DOI: 10.20965/ijat.2019.p0346
6. Shah Abid, Aliyev Rezo, Zeidler Henning, Krinke Stefan. A review of the recent developments and challenges in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2023. Vol. 7. 97. DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7030097
7. Senthil T. S., Babu S., Puviyarasan M., Veeman Dhinakaran. Mechanical and microstructural characterization of functionally graded Inconel 825 - SS316L fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021. Vol. 15. pp. 661–669. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.060
8. Lan Bo, Wang Yaping, Liu Yuehan et al. The influence of microstructural anisotropy on the hot deformation of wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) Inconel 718. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021. Vol. 823. 141733. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.141733
9. Svetlizky D., Das Mitun, Zheng Baolong et al. Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing: physical characteristics, defects, challenges and applications. Materials today. 2021. Vol. 49. pp. 271–295. DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.020
10. Kennedy J., Davis A., Caballero A. E. Microstructure transition gradients in titanium dissimilar alloy (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr/Ti-6Al-4V) tailored wire-arc additively manufactured components. Materials Characterization. 2021. Vol. 182. 111577. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111577
11. Tomar Bunty, Shiva S., Nath Tameshwer. A review on wire arc additive manufacturing: Processing parameters, defects, quality improvement and recent advances. Materials Today Communications. 2022. Vol. 31. 103739. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103739
12. Kabaldin Yu. G., Shatagin D. A., Anosov M. S., Kolchin P. V. et al. Diagnostics of the 3D printing process on a CNC machine using machine learning approaches. Vestnik mashinostroeniya. 2021. No. 1. pp. 320–324. DOI: 10.36652/0042-4633-2021-1-55-59
13. Anosov M. S., Shatagin D. A., Chernigin M. A., Mordovina Yu. S. et al. Structure formation of the Np-30KhGSA alloy during additive electric arc manufacturing. Izvestiya vuzov. Chernaya Metallurgiya. 2023. Vol. 66 (3). pp. 294–301. DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-3-294-301
14. GOST 1497–84. Metals. Methods of tension test. Introduced: 01.01.1986.
15. Beckert M., Klemm H. Handbuch von metallographischen Aetzverfahren. Moscow : Metallurgiya, 1988. 400 p.
16. GOST 2246–70. Welding steel wire. Specifications. Introduced: 01.01.1973.
17. GOST 4543–2016. Structural alloy steel products. Specifications. Introduced: 01.10.2017.
18. Klyushnikov V. A., Mishakin V. V. Study of the influence of plastic deformation on acoustic and magnetic characteristics of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic steels. Vestnik moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta imeni N. E. Baumana. Seriya: Mashinostroenie. 2018. No. 119. pp. 102–113. DOI: 10.18698/0236-3941-2018-2-102-113
19. Belyaev A. K., Polyansky V. A., Tretyakov D. A. Assessment of mechanical stresses, plastic deformations and damage using acoustic anisotropy. Vestnik Permskogo natsionalnogo issledovatelskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Mekhanika. 2020. No. 4. pp. 130–151. DOI: 10.15593/perm.mech/2020.4.12
20. Anosov M. S., Ryabov D. A., Chernigin M. A., Solovyov A. A. Non-destructive testing of fatigue damage accumulation in Sv-09G2S steel produced by 3D printing by electric arc cladding. Vestnik Magnitogorskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta imeni G. I. Nosova. 2023. Vol. 21. No. 2. pp. 47–53. DOI: 10.18503/1995-2732-2023-21-2-47-53
21. Huang C., Kyvelou P., Zhang R., Ben Britton T. et al. Mechanical testing and microstructural analysis of wire arcadditively manufactured steels. Mater. Des. 2022. Vol. 216. 110544. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110544
22. Müller J., Hensel J., Dilger K. Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures. Weld World. 2022. Vol. 66. pp. 395–407. DOI: 10.1007/s40194-021-01204-1
23. Rodrigues T. A., Duarte V., Avila J. A., Santos T. G. et al. Wire and arc additive manufacturing of HSLA steel: Effect of thermal cycles on microstructure and mechanical properties. Addit. Manuf. 2019. Vol. 27. pp. 440–450. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.029