Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «Московский инженерно-физический институт», Москва, Россия:

Калин Б. А., заведующий кафедрой физических проблем материаловедения

Стальцов М. С., доцент

Тищенко А. Г., студент

Чернов И. И., профессор, i_chernov@mail.ru

Приведен краткий обзор исследований ванадиевых сплавов как конструкционных материалов для ядерной и термоядерной энергетики будущего. Рассмотрены важнейшие свойства ванадиевых сплавов и проведено их сравнение со свойствами аустенитных и ферритно-мартенситных сталей. Ванадий достаточно распространенный в природе металл, и ряд его сплавов обладает хоро шей технологичностью. Кратковременные показатели проч ностных свойств ванадиевых сплавов остаются на достаточно высоком уровне вплоть до температуры 970 K. По показателям жаропрочных свойств (термической ползучести, длительной прочности) ванадиевые сплавы существенно превышают аналогичные характеристики аустенитной и ферритно-мартенситной реакторных сталей. Ванадиевые сплавы характеризуются более высокой температурой плавления и меньшей плотностью, чем стали, обладают меньшим тепловым расширением и большей теплопроводностью. При этом благодаря лучшим теплофизическим свойствам, ванадиевые сплавы способны выдерживать бóльшие тепловые нагрузки, чем стали. Анализ ядерно-физических свойств показал, что скорость наработки гелия в ванадиевых сплавах в 2–3 раза меньше, чем в сталях, скорость наработки водорода и ядерный нагрев также значительно ниже, и эти эффекты обеспечивают большое преимущество ванадиевых сплавов перед сталями. Сплавы системы V – (4–5) % Cr – (4–10) % Ti обладают наибольшим потенциалом малой активируемости и имеют преимущества по сравнению с малоактивируемыми сталями. При исследовании радиационного охрупчивания был сделан вывод, что температура 700 K должна быть принята как нижний предел рабочих температур для сплавов ванадия при использовании их в качестве реакторных конструкционных материалов. Данные о радиационной ползучести ванадиевых сплавов крайне ограничены и противоречивы. Отмечены пути решения существующих проблем: гелия и водорода соответствующим легированием; чувствительности к примесям использованием высокочистого ванадия и/или специальным легированием; стойкости в жидком натрии использованием композитного материала «сталь – ванадиевый сплав – сталь».

Работа выполнена в рамках Центра ядерных систем и материалов при государственной поддержке Программы повышения конкурентоспособности НИЯУ МИФИ (соглашение с Минобрнауки РФ от 27 августа 2013 г., № 02.а03.21.0005), реализации государственного задания в сфере научной деятельности № 3.483.2014/K от 10.06.2014 г.

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