Academician Melnikov Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Reso urces, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia:

K. N. Trubetskoy, Member of the Presidium of the Russ ian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
N. A. Miletenko, Senior Researcher, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, nmilet@mail.ru

Rivers, arable land, engineering structures, urban buildings, and communications often fall into the zone of influence of mining operations. Insufficiently justified mining development often leads to negative environmental and social consequences of the violation or destruction of these objects. On the other hand, surface and underground waters often complicate the development of minerals, negatively affecting the safety of production. The paper deals with the interaction of hydrogeological and geomechanical processes near water bodies in complex mining and hydrogeological conditions. One field of research is based on the development of an engineering approach to the analysis of the interaction of hydrogeological and deformation processes. In this case, the results of instrumental field observations and experience of mining operations near water bodies are used. In this approach, it is assumed that six zones can be distinguished in the under-worked rock mass: collapsed rock; through cracks; partially through cracks; individual cracks that do not form a single system; the zone without discontinuities of continuity; the zone of high stresses and compression deformations. As an example of the application of this approach, the development of a mineral deposit under a river is considered and recommendations are made for the preservation of the earth’s surface from waterlogging. The second field of research is related to mathematical modeling and the use of crack theory. The results of the simulation showed that a spontaneous hydraulic fracturing crack may develop in the underworked rock mass, which can serve as a main channel for the penetration of underground or surface water into the mine workings. The nature of spontaneous hydraulic fracturing of rocks is determined by the fact that when a man-made impact on the rock mass, one of the main stresses of the rock mass can become less than the hydrostatic pressure of water. In this case, a hydraulic fracturing crack develops in the area where this condition is met. As an example, the breakthrough of water from a surface reservoir into an underground mine is considered. It is shown that at a low crack resistance of rocks, it is possible for a crack to grow into the mine, which may result in a sudden water breakthrough. The acquired knowledge expands the scientific basis for the development of appropriate supplements to the instructions for mining operations under water bodies.

1. Trubetskoy K. N., Kaplunov D. R., Rylnikova M. V., Radchenko D. N., Lukichev S. V. et al. Development of resource-saving and resource-reproduction geotechnologies of complex mastering of mineral deposits. Moscow : IPKON RAN, 2012. 206 p.
2. Trubetskoy K. N., Iofis M. A., Miletenko I. V., Miletenko N. A., Odintsev V. N. Problems of integrated hydrogeological and geomechanical impact on geoenvironment. Fundamental problems of the industrial geo-environment : collection of papers of All-Russian Conference. Novosibirsk, 2012. Vol. 1. pp. 23–28.
3. Iofis M. A., Shmelev A. I. Engineering geomechanics in underground mining. Moscow : Nedra, 1985. 248 p.
4. Baryakh A. A., Gubanova E. A. On flood protection measures for potash mines. Journal of Mining Institute. 2019. Vol. 240. pp. 613–620.
5. Kamnev E. N., Karamushka V. P., Seleznev A. V., Morozov V. N., Khiller A. Ecology of uranium mine closure: problems and solutions (in terms of Russia, CIS Countries and Germany). GIAB. 2020. No. 5. pp. 26–39.
6. Trushko V. L., Trushko O. V. Improving safety and efficiency of the development of large iron ore deposits with soft ore. GIAB. 2019. Special issue 7. Industrial safety of enterprises of mineral resource complex in XXI century-2. pp. 298–306.
7. Kenesbaeva A., Nurpeisova M. B. Prediction of induced ground surface subsidence. Gornyi zhurnal Kazakhstana. 2018. No. 11. pp. 24–28.
8. Norvatov Yu. A. Analysis and p rediction of induced groundwater dynamics (during mineral mining). Leningrad : Nedra, 1988. 260 p.
9. Momchilov V. S. Mine protection from groundwater. Moscow : Nedra, 1989. 188 p.
10. Bulat A. F., Bunko T. V., Yashchenko I. A., Kokoulin I. E. Estimation of risk of water or silting pulp inrush into the mine workings as a technogeneous emergency. Geo-Technical Mechanics : Collected Scientific Papers. Dnepropetrovsk, 2018. Vol. 143. pp. 3–10.
11. Norvatov Yu. A., Petrova I. B. Instructional guidance for hydrogeological predictions in coal mine closure and justification of prevention of negative environmental effects. Saint-Petersburg : VNIMI, 2008  79 p.
12. Regulatory documents in the area of activity of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service. Regulatory framework for protection from harmful effect of mines and mining operations in hazardous zones. Subsoil conservation and survey control. Moscow : ZAO NTTs PB, 2010. 214 p.
13. Hao Li, Haibo Bai, Jianjun Wu, Zhanguo Ma, Kai Ma et al. A Cascade Disaster Caused by Geological and Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Factors – Water Inrush Mechanism from Karst Collapse Column under Confining Pressure. Energies. 2017. Vol. 10, Iss. 12. DOI: 10.3390/en10121938
14. Jianjun Liu, Rui Song, Mengmeng Cui. Numerical Simulation on Hydromechanical Coupling in Porous Media Adopting Three-Dimensional Pore-Scale Model. The Scientific World Journal. 2014. Vol. 2014. DOI: 10.1155/2014/140206
15. Liyuan Yu, Richeng Liu, Yujing Jiang. A Review of Critical Conditions for the Onset of Nonlinear Fluid Flow in Rock Fractures. Geofluids. 2017. Vol. 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/2176932
16. Zhaohui Chong, Xuehua Li, Xiangyu Chen, Ji Zhang, Jingzheng Lu. Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Natural Fracture Density on Hydraulic Fracture Network Propagation. Energies. 2017. Vol. 10, Iss. 7. DOI: 10.3390/en10070914
17. Ghan Irfan, Koehn Daniel, Toussaint Renaud, Passchier Cees. Dynamics of hydrofracturing and permeability evolution in layered reservoirs. Frontiers in Physics. 2015. Vol. 3. DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2015.00067
18. Bingbing Chen, Zhenhua Fu. Analysis and Application of Water Inrush Mechanism in Tunnel Based on Thin Plate Model. AMSE JOURNALS-AMSE IIETA. 2017. Series: Modelling B. Vol. 86, No. 1. pp. 221–232.
19. Mironenko V. A., Rumynin V. G. Problems of hydro-geoecology. 2nd ed. Moscow : Izdatelstvo MGGU, 2002. Vol. 1. Theoretical study and modeling of geo-migration processes. 611 p.
20. Rybnikova L. S., Rybnikov P. A. Geofiltration model of the rock mass in the field of influence of developed and liquidated mines in the Urals. Litosfera. 2013. No. 3. pp. 130–136.
21. Iofis M. A., Maltseva I. A. Nature and mechanism of water-permeable cracks in rocks. GIAB. 2002. No. 4. pp. 33–35.
22. Gusev V. N. Forecasting safe conditions for developing coal bed suites under aquifers on the basis of geomechanics of technogenic water conducting fractures. Journal of Mining Institute. 2016. Vol. 221. pp. 638–643.
23. Mokhov A. V. Model of water-premeability of rock mass in the zone displacement at the sections of underground mining of stone-coal deposits. Doklady Akademii nauk. 2017. Vol. 473, No. 4. pp. 464–467.
24. Odintsev V. N., Miletenko N. A. Water inrush in mines as a consequence of spontaneous hydrofracture. Journal of Mining Science. 2015. Vol. 51, Iss. 3. pp. 423–434.
25. Iophis M. A., Odintsev V. N., Blokhin D. I., Sheinin V. I. Experimental investigation of spatial periodicity of induced deformations in a rock mass. Journal of Mining Science. 2007. Vol. 43, Iss 2. pp. 125–131.
26. Miletenko N. A., Odintsev V. N., Fedorov E. V. Snowmelt Water Breakthrough into Coal Mine in Sub-Artic Region. Mine Water: Technological and Ecological Challenges : Proceedings of International Mine Water Association Conference. Perm, 2019. pp. 591–596.