Academician Melnikov Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia:

S. D. Viktorov, Head of Department, Professor, Doctor of Engineering Sciences
A. E. Frantov, Leading Researcher, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, aef1948@gmail.com
I. N. Lapikov, Senior Researchers, Candidate of Engineering Sciences

Blasting of rocks both in open pit and underground mining commonly uses cheap explosives. Their competitiveness ensues from the minimum cost, simple composition, application safety, fabricability and ease of charging. The basis of composition of cheap explosives are economic materials—solid oxidizer (ammonium nitrate) and liquid fuel (diesel fuel). Explosive manufacture machinery includes mixing and charging equipment of many types and modifications, ensuring blasting with regard to specific technology of shooting. This article presents the studies into the detonation parameters of cheap explosives including ammonium nitrate with different technical properties and pricing characteristics (cost, porosity, absorbent and retention capacity) and of a mixed fuel composed of liquid phase (waste oil products, fuel mixtures, diesel fuel) and solid phase (crumb rubber, coal powder, coke breeze). The solid phase components have different natures and particle parameters, which governs adhesion and retention of liquid fuel at the surface of ammonium nitrate granules having insufficient adsorbability and retention ability. It is shown that explosion spread (the rate and completeness of detonation) depends stronger on the properties of an oxidizer than fuel. The mixed fuel (liquid+solid phases) maintain the balance and physical stability of cheap explosives and reduce the production cost. On the basis of the experimental indicators of detonation stability, the choice of the composition is substantiated so that to provide high detonation ability of cheap explosive and to ensure economic efficiency of blasting.

1. Mining Explosives Market Insights, 2031. Available at: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/mining-explosives-market.html (accessed: 30.04.2022).
2. Prasad E. Industrial Explosives Market by Type [High Explosives and Blasting Agents (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO), Water Gel Explosives, Emulsions, Nitrogen Explosives, and Slurries)]and End-use Industry (Mining, Construction, and Others): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2020–2027. 2020. Available at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/industrialexplosives-market (accessed: 11.06.2022).
3. Li-Yun Yang, Chen-Xi Ding. Fracture mechanism due to blast-imposed loading under high static stress conditions. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2018. Vol. 107. pp. 150–158.
4. Melnikov N. V., Baron L. I. (Eds.). Simplest composition explosives (igdanites) : Collected works. Moscow : Gosgortekhizdat, 1960. 239 p.
5. Viktorov S. D., Demidyuk G. P. Cheap explosives. Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR. 1985. Vol. 55, No. 4. pp. 102–111.
6. Tyupin V. N. Geomechanical behavior of jointed rock mass in the large-scale blas t impact zone. Eurasian Mining. 2020. No. 2. pp. 11–14. DOI: 10.17580/em.2020.02.03
7. Practical Innovations. Dyno Nobel, 2013. Available at: https://www.dynonobel.com/apac/recentinnovations (accessed: 19.04.2022).
8. Meyer R., Köhler J., Homburg A. Explosives. Sixth, completely revised ed. Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 2007. 421 p.
9. Cook M. A. The Science of Industrial Explosives. USA : IRECO Chemicals, 1974. 449 р.
10. Morh ard R. C. Explosives and Rock Blasting. Blasters Tool & Supply Co., 1987. 662 p.
11. Viktorov S. D., Frantov A. E., Lapikov I. N., And reev V. V., Starshinov A. V. Effect of the Microstructure of Ammonium Nitrate Granules on the Detonability of Composite Propellants Based on It. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. 2016. Vol. 52, No. 6. pp. 727–731.
12. Rimarchuk B. I., Efremov E. I., Lisitsin N. V., Shvartser V. Ya., Nikitenko R. A. The prospect of igdanite usage in breaking of watered massifs. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2004. No. 10. pp. 32–33.
13. Efremov E. I. Modern trends in the use of explosives in open pit mines in Ukraine. Metallurgical and Mining Industry. 2007. No. 6. pp. 79–82.
14. Efremov E. I., Dzhos V. F., Malygin O. N., Zinko N. A., Fil V. I. Cheap explosives and application in open pit mines of Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combinat. Gornyi vestnik Uzbekistana. 2002. No. 2. pp. 32–36.
15. Krysin R. S., Domnichev V. N. Modern domestic-manufacture explosives. Dnepropetrovsk : Nauka i obrazovanie, 1998. 140 p.
16. Mansurov Z. A., Kazakov Yu. V., Akkazin E. A., Deulet K., Tursunbek S. et al. Improvement of cheap explosive mixtures composed of ammonium nitrate and oil binder. Available at: http://www.rusnauka.com/14_NPE_2015/Chimia/8_192854.doc.htm (accessed: 15.0 6.2022).
17. Gorbonos M. G., Veye R., Bar F. Experience of using ANFO-type cheap explosives in surface mines in Canada. Vzryvnoe delo. 1998. No. 91/48. pp. 118–128.
18. Starshinov A. V., Opanasenko P. I., Kostylev S. S. et al. Method of processing of worked liquid oil products for manufacture of mixtures explosive explosives containing oxidizer in the form of saltsnitrates. Patent RF, No. 2630486. Applied: 27.06.2016. Published: 11.09.2017. Bulletin No. 26.
19. Frantov A. E., Belousov F. S. Research of some properties of solid combustible components for cheap explosives. Inzhenernaya fizika. 2019. No. 11. pp. 51–57.
20. Strogiy I. B. Development of granulitov mining wastes. Vzryvnoe delo. 2019. No. 124/81. pp. 98–111.
21. Strogiy I. B. Granulyts ISU: explore and efficiency. Vzryvnoe delo. 2019. No. 124/81. pp. 112–126.
22. Viktorov S. D., Frantov A. E., Opanasenko P. I., Strogiy I. B., Zharikov I. F. et al. Innovative ways for improving the cheap explosives using additives made from returned to production recycled materials. Ugol. 2020. No. 11. pp. 17–21.