Journals →  Tsvetnye Metally →  2022 →  #12 →  Back

MATERIALS SCIENCE
ArticleName Synthesis of aluminium and titanium carbides in AlCl – TiCl4 – С system
DOI 10.17580/tsm.2022.12.08
ArticleAuthor Zakirov R. A.
ArticleAuthorData

Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia:

R. A. Zakirov, Junior Researcher at the Catalytic Transformations of Small Molecules Laboratory, e-mail: zakirow.roman@gmail.com

Abstract

This paper examines how titanium carbide forms as a result of reaction of aluminium subchloride with titanium tetrachloride in the presence of carbon. The process can be described with a general equation of the following reaction TiCl4 + 2AlCl + C = TiC + 2AlCl3, which leads to the synthesis of aluminium subchloride vapours as a result of aluminium chloride reacting with metallic aluminium. It is shown that titanium carbide forms in the AlCl – TiCl4 – C system via formation of aluminium carbide 6AlCl + 3C = Al4C3 + 2AlCl3 (1), followed by reaction of aluminium carbide with titanium tetrachloride vapours Al4C3 + 3TiCl4 = 3TiC + 4AlCl3 (2). Each of the above reactions has its optimum temperature. In the case of reaction (1) and the aluminium subchloride reaction, the yield rises as the temperature increases, whereas in the case of reaction (2) it drops. The lower yield of titanium carbide as the temperature rises is the result of reaction between the formed TiC and titanium tetrachloride vapours, when free carbon precipitates at the same time contaminating the final product TiC + 3TiCl4 = C + 4TiCl3. Therefore, it would be reasonable to use two stages when synthesizing titanium carbide. Thus, aluminium carbide should be synthesized at the first stage, while the second stage should involve a reaction between aluminium carbide and TiCl4 vapours. In a laboratory experiment conducted in a flow reactor, a complete transformation of carbon into aluminium carbide would take place at 1,250 oC. At the second stage, aluminium carbide would convert into titanium carbide in 90 min at 800 oC and in 60 min at 900 oC. The described process enables to produce fine-dispersed aluminium and titanium carbides (or their mixture) to be used as inoculants.
The research was carried out within the framework of the State assignment ICCT SB RAS – FRC KSC SB RAS (project № 0287-2021-0013).

keywords Aluminium carbide, titanium carbide, aluminium subchloride, hard materials, powders
References

1. Santos-Beltran A., Goytia-Reyes R., Morales-Rodriguez H. Characterization of Al – Al4C3 nanocomposites produced by mechanical milling. Materials Characterization. 2015. Vol. 106. pp. 368–374.
2. Besterci M. Preparation, microstructure and properties of Al – Al4C3 system produced by mechanical alloying. Materials and Design. 2006. Vol. 27. pp. 416–421.
3. Birol Y. In situ synthesis of Al – TiCp composites by reacting K2TiF6 and particulate graphite in molten aluminum. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2008. Vol. 454. pp. 110–117.
4. Amosov A. P., Luts A. R., Rybakov A. D. Using different powdered carbon forms for reinforcing aluminum composite materials with carbon and titanium carbide: A Review. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals. 2020. Vol. 61. pp. 500–516.
5. Pribytkov G. A., Korzhova V. V., Baranovskiy A. V. Phase composition and structure of SHS composite titanium carbide powders with R6M5 steel matrix. Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsionalnye pokrytiya. 2017. No. 2. pp. 64–71.
6. Cherepova T. S., Dmytrieva H. P., Dukhota О. І. Properties of nickel powder alloys hardened with titanium carbide. Materials Science. 2016. Vol. 52, No. 2. pp. 173–179.
7. Peng T., Yan Q., Zhang X. Role of titanium carbide and alumina on the friction increment for Cu-based metallic brake pads under different initial braking speeds. Friction. 2021. Vol. 9. pp. 1543–1557.
8. Vorozhtsov S., Kolarik V., Promakhov V. The influence of Al4C3 nanoparticles on the physical and mechanical properties of metal matrix composites at high temperatures. JOM. 2016. Vol. 68. pp. 1312–1316.
9. Zhang A., Hao H., Zhang X. Grain refinement mechanism of Al-5C master alloy in AZ31 magnesium alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2013. Vol. 23. pp. 3167–3172.
10. Nimityongskul S., Jones M., Choi H. Grain refining mechanisms in Mg–Al alloys with Al4C3 microparticles. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2010. Vol. 527. pp. 2104–2111.
11. Vinod Kumar G. S., Murty B. S., Chakraborty M. Grain refinement response of LM25 alloy towards Al – Ti– C and Al – Ti –B grain refiners. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2009. Vol. 472. pp. 112–120.
12. Torbati-Sarraf S. A., Mahmudi R. Microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded and ECAPed AZ31 Mg alloy, grain refined with Al – Ti – C master alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2010. Vol. 527. pp. 3515–3520.
13. Yeh C. L., Chen Y. S. Use of Al4C3 for fabrication of alumina–niobium carbide composites by combustion synthesis. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2014. Vol. 589. pp. 132–136.

14. Yeh C. L., Shen Y. G. Effects of TiC and Al4C3 addition on combustion synthesis of Ti2AlC. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2009. Vol. 470. pp. 424–428.
15. Galyshev S. N., Bazhin P. M., Stolin A. M. High-temperature annealing of a MAX phase Ti – Al – C composite. Novye ogneupory. 2017. No. 9. pp. 60–64.
16. Kiparisov S. S., Levinskiy Yu. V., Petrov A. P. Titanium carbide: Production, properties, application. Moscow : Metallurgiya, 1987. 216 p.
17. Alymov M. I., Shustov V. S., Kasimtsev A. V. Synthesis of titanium carbide nanopowders and production of porous materials on their basis. Rossiyskie nanotekhnologii. 2011. Vol. 6, No. 1–2. pp. 84–89.
18. Reva V. P., Yagofarov V. Yu., Filatenkov A. E. Synthesis of carbide through mechanical activation of titanium together with various carbon components. Novye ogneupory. 2017. No. 3. pp. 134–138.
19. Pak A. Ya., Yakich T. Yu., Mamontov G. Ya. Titanium carbide produced in atmospheric pressure electrical discharge plasma. Zhurnal tekhnicheskoy fiziki. 2020. Vol. 90, Iss. 5. pp. 805–810.
20. Li J., Zhang G., Liu D., Ostrovski O. Low-temperature synthesis of aluminum carbide. ISIJ International. 2011. Vol. 51, Iss. 6. pp. 870–877.
21. Ilyin A. P., Nazarenko O. B., Tikhonov D. V. Carbides of metals synthesized by exploding wire method. Siberian Journal of Science. 2012. No. 3 (4). pp. 80–88.
22. Zakirov R. A., Parfenov O. G., Solovyov L. A. Chemical vapor synthesis of titanium aluminides by reaction of aluminum subchloride and titanium tetrachloride. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2018. Vol. 49. pp. 13–17.
23. Semenkovich S. A. Chemical reactions of aluminium monohalogenides in vapour. Zhurnal prikladnoy khimii. 1960. Vol. 33, Iss. 3. pp. 552–559.
24. Furman A. A. Inorganic chlorides. Moscow : Khimiya, 1980. 416 p.
25. Dyjak S., Norek M., Polaski M. A simple method of synthesis and surface purification of titanium carbide powder. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2013. Vol. 38. pp. 87–91.

Language of full-text russian
Full content Buy
Back