Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia:

A. V. Desyatov, Dr. Eng., Prof., Dept. of Industrial Ecology, e-mail: avdesyatov@mail.ru
T. A. Pavlishcheva, Postgraduate Student

25 State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia:
D. V. Panfilova, Cand. Chem., Researcher, Laboratory 132 of the 1^st Department

Industrial water supply systems at many facilities use water from natural sources, and often it must be of high quality. One of the main consumers of water at present is metallurgical production. Most often, the water used by metallurgical enterprises is added to the circulating water supply system to replace water lost as a result of purging, evaporation, wind transfer, leaks, steam or intake from these systems. The make-up water directed to compensate for losses must undergo thorough preparation in order to avoid the formation of deposits, corrosion and other problems in the circulating water supply system. The scheme and technology of the water treatment process for metallurgical production depends on the parameters of the source water and the quality requirements of the prepared make-up water, ensuring the desired quality of the recycled water. The main requirement for the quality of make-up water is the low hardness content obtained during water treatment. One of the promising methods of water treatment in our time are membrane technologies. The steady reduction in production costs per 1 m³ of water by reverse osmosis allows it to be used as a method of reducing the hardness (softening) of water, instead of the widely used ion exchange. This article shows the fundamental possibility of using the reverse osmosis process for the preparation of make-up water, which allows to reduce the amount of used reagents significantly and to reduce capital and operating costs. The results of the calculation of three variants of reverse osmosis plant schemes are presented: with one stage for concentrate, with two stages for concentrate and with the return of part of the concentrate to the cycle. The presented schemes have energy consumption from 0.18 to 0.65 kWh/m³, salinity and residual hardness of no more than 31 mg/dm³ and 0.07 mg-eq/dm³. These schemes also differ in the volume and concentration of the discharged concentrate, which makes it possible to optimize the anthropogenic load on the environment, the possibility of reducing resource consumption is shown.
The researches were carried out using D. Mendeleev Center for collective use of scientific equipment, within the framework of the project No. 075-15-2021-688.

1. Kuzin E. N., Kruchinina N. E. Purification of circulating and waste water in metallurgical industry using complex coagulants. CIS Iron and Steel Review. 2019. Vol. 18. pp. 72–75.
2. Guseva К. А., Vlasova А. Yu. Analysis of water softening methods in the structure of housing and communal service. International scientific journal "Vestnik nauki". 2021. No. 5. pp. 177–185.
3. Kuzin Е. N., Averina Yu. М., Kurbatov А. Yu., Sakharov P. А. Technology of non-reagent deferrization of artesian water for the needs of recycling water supply of metallurgical enterprises. Chernye Metally. 2020. No. 10. pp. 66–71.
4. Alieva О. О. Efficient technological schemes for the preparation of make-up water for medium and high pressure boilers and heating networks. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science. 2020. No. 52. pp. 40–47.
5. Kuzin E. N., Kruchinina N. E. Titanium-containing coagulants for foundry wastewater treatment. CIS Iron and Steel Review. 2020. Vol. 20. pp. 66–69. 
6. Selivanov О. G., Pikalov Е. S., Romanova L. N. Evaluation of the efficiency of counterflow systems of sodium-cation exchange filters in water softening processes. Electronic scientific journal "Inzhenerny vestnik Dona". 2022. No. 7. pp. 1–13.
7. Elsaid K., Sayed E. T., Abdelkareem M. A., Baroutaji A., Olabi A. G. Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review. Science of the Total Environment. 2020. Vol. 748. pp. 1–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528
8. Gumbatov М. О., Akhmedova А. G., Kafarov E. К. Chemical reactions proceeding during water desalination and regeneration of ion exchangers of sulfuric acid production. European research: innovation in science, education and technology. 2018. No. 10. pp. 16–18.
9. Shulenina Z. М., Bagrov V. V., Desyatov А. V. Technogenic water: problems, technologies, resource value. Moscow: Bauman MSTU, 2015. 401 p.
10. Giwa A., Hasana S. W., Yousufa A., Chakrabortya S. et al. Biomimetic membranes: A critical review of recent progress. Desalination. 2017. Vol. 420. pp. 403–424. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2017.06.025
11. Soliman M. N., Guen F. Z., Ahmed S. A., Saleem H. et al. Energy consumption and environmental impact assessment of desalination plants and brine disposal strategies. Process safety and environmental protection. 2021. Vol. 147. pp. 589–608.
12. Mavhungu A., Masindi V., Foteinis S., Mbaya R. et al. Advocating circular economy in wastewater treatment: Struvite formation and drinking water reclamation from real municipal effluents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020. Vol. 8. No. 4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.103957
13. Panagopoulos A. Process simulation and techno-economic assessment of a zero liquid discharge/ multi-effect desalination/thermal vapor compression (ZLD/MED/TVC) system. International journal of energy research. 2020. Vol. 44, Iss. 1. pp. 473–495. DOI: 10.1002/er.4948