Gumarbek Daukeyev Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Oryngozha Ye. Ye., Doctoral Student
Aitchanov B. H., Professor, Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Kunaev Institute of Mining, Almaty, Kazakhstan¹ ; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan²
Oryngozhin Ye. S.^1,2, Chief Researcher, Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Academician Melnikov Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources—IPKON, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Miletenko N. A., Senior Researcher, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, nmilet@mail.ru

Kazakhstan is among the top ten countries – holders of the largest uranium resources in the world. The main uranium deposits were discovered in the late 1970s and, then, in the mid-1990s. This article describes the geological aspects of the uranium deposits in Kazakhstan with a view to using the in-situ leaching method toward development of the energy potential of the country. In total burning out of 1 kg of uranium enriched to 4%, the energy release is equivalent to combustion of 100 t of high-grade coal (1.5 carload) or 60 t of oil (1 fuel truck). Uranium fission liberates neutrons which collide with the other uranium nuclei and split them. Uranium decay products and neutrons possess high kinetic energy and, when they collide with other atoms, this energy is converted into heat.

1. Altaev Sh. A., Chernetsov G. E., Oryngozhin E. S. Technology for the development of hydrogenous uranium deposits in Kazakhstan. Almaty, 2003. 294 p.
2. Oryngozhin Ye. S., Yeremin N. A., Metaxa G. P., Alisheva Zh. N. In-situ uranium leaching. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Engineering Sciences. 2020. Vol. 4, No. 442. pp. 62–69.
3. Rakishev B. R. Technological resources for improving the quality and completeness of use of the mineral raw materials. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Technical Sciences. 2017. Vol. 2, No. 422. pp. 116–124.
4. Oryngozha Ye. Ye., Vorobiev A. Ye., Zhangalieva M., Uteshev I. Zh. Study of mining–geological characteristics of uranium deposits in Kazakhstan for development by in-situ leaching. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Engineering Sciences. 2020. Vol. 5, No. 443. pp. 156–164.
5. Vorobev A. Y., Metaxa G. P., Bolenov Y. M., Metaxa A. S., Alisheva Z. N. Digitization of the mining industry. Concept and modern geotechnology. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Engineering Sciences. 2019. Vol. 4, No. 436. pp. 121–127.
6. Lewandowski K. A., Kawatra S. K. Binders for heap leaching agglomeration. Minerals and Metallurgical Processing. 2009. Vol. 26, No. 1. pp. 1–24.
7. Bitimbayev M. Zh., Krupnik L. A., Aben Kh. Kh., Aben E. Kh. Adjustment of backfill composition for mineral mining under open pit bottom. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2017. No. 2. pp. 57–61.
8. McNab B., Crushing L. Exploring HPGR technology for heap leaching of fresh rock gold ores. IIR Crushing & Grinding Conference. Townsville. Australia, 2006.
9. Moldabayeva G. Z., Metaxa G. P., Alisheva Z. N. Theoretical bases for the implementation of the processes to reduce viscosity in the conditions of natural reservation. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Geology and Engineering Sciences. 2019. Vol. 5, No. 437. pp. 138–143.
10. Tsoi S. V., Oryngozhin E. S., Metaksa G. P., Zhangalieva M. Zh., Alisheva Zh. N. et al. Evaluation of existing technology and development of an alternative method for the exploitation of hydrogenous uranium deposits. International Conference on Actual Achievements of European Science. Sofia, Bulgaria, 2018. pp. 40–44.
11. Malkova M. Yu., Zadiranov A. N. Application of the universal ultrasonic reactor in the processing of rare earth metal ores concentrates. RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches. 2019. Vol. 20, No. 1. pp. 20–27.
12. Toraman O. Y. Experimental investigations of preparation of calcite particles by ultrasonic treatment. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing. 2017. Vol. 53, No. 2. pp. 859–868.
13. Mullakaev M. S. Ultrasonic intensification of the processes of enhanced oil recovery, processing of crude oil and oil sludge, purification of oilcontaminated water. Мoscow : HELRI, 2018. 376 p.
14. Sinusoidal Vibroviscometer. User’s Guide. A&D Company, Limited, 2017. 56 p.
15. Laverov N. P., Abdulmanov I. G., Brovin K. G. et al. In-situ leaching of ores. Moscow : Izdatelstvo Akademii gornykh nauk, 1998. 446 p.
16. Galachieva S. V., Stas G. V., Izotova I. I. Environmental and natural leaching processes in underground ore mining. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2022. ID 012024.
17. Golik V. I., Marinin M. A. Practice of underground leaching of uranium in blocks. MIAB. 2022. No. 6-1. pp. 5–20.
18. Ovseychuk V. A., Reznik Yu. N., Myazin V. P. Geotechnologies of Uranium and Gold Ore Mining and Processing. Chita : ChitGU, 2005. 315 p.
19. Orlov G. V., Kataev A. V. Influence of geological factors on processes in in-situ mineral leaching. MIAB. 2004. No. 5. pp. 258–263.
20. Iofis M. A., Esina E. N. The features of calculation movements and deformations of the surface at borehole to hydromining operations. RUDN Journal of Engineering Research. 2012. No. 3. pp. 18–23.
21. Odintsev V., Miletenko I., Miletenko N. Geomechanical measurement of overlying rock hydrogeo-logical conditions change during hydraulic borehole mining of iron ore. Mine Surveying and Subsurface Use. 2010. No. 5(49). pp. 51–54.
22. Iophis M. A., Odintsev V. N., Blokhin D. I., Sheinin V. I. Experimental investigation of spatial periodicity of induced deformations in a rock mass. Journal of Mining Science. 2007. Vol. 43, No. 2. pp. 125–131.
23. Golik V. I., Dmytrak Yu. V., Hulelidze K. K., Badtiev B. P. Ecological consequences of natural leaching in underground mining of ores. Ecology and industry of Russia. 2018. Vol. 22, No. 6. pp. 40–43.
24. Donald R. Metzler D.E. Uranium mining: Environmental impact. Encyclopedia of Energy. 2004. pp. 299–315. DOI: 10.1016/b0-12-176480-x/00413-7
25. Waggitt P. Environmental regulation of uranium mining in Australia. Uranium in the Environment. 2006. pp. 571–583. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28367-6_58
26. Tsoy B., Myrzakhmetov S., Yazikov E., Bekbotayeva A., Bashilova Ye. Application of radio-wave geointoscopy method to study the nature of spreading the solutions in the process of uranium underground leaching. Mining of Mineral Deposits. 2021. Vol. 15, Iss. 4. pp. 1–7.
27. Miletenko N. V., Semenova M. P., Odintsev V. N. Geophysical monitoring systems for in-situ hydromining of minerals. Sovetskaya geologiya. 1992. No. 8. pp. 71–75.
28. Xu Y., Langbauer C., Hofstaetter H. The application of ultrasonic technology for cleaning oil contaminated sand. SPE Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security. Environment and Social Responsibility Conference. Kuala Lumpur, 2017. DOI: 10.2118/185261-MS
29. Amirova U. K., Uruzbaeva N. A. Overview of the world market of uranium. Universum: ekonomica i yurisprudentsiya. 2017. No. 6(39).
30. Kundu T. Nonlinear Ultrasonic and Vibro-Acoustical Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation. Springer International Publishing. 2019. 759 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94476-0
31. Solodov I. N., Gladyshev A. V., Ivanov A. G. Experience for extraction of uranium by ISL method in kriolitozone. Exploration and Protection of the Subsoil. No. 11. pp. 65–70.
32. Oryngozhin Y. S., Bitimbaev M. Zh., Milеtenko N. A., Alisheva Zh. N. An innovative way of underground mining. Eurasian Mining. 2022. No. 1. pp. 38–40.
33. Oryngozhin E. S., Fedorov E. V., Alisheva Zh. N., Mitishova N. A. In-situ leaching technology for uranium deposits. Eurasian Mining. 2021. No. 2. pp. 31–35.
34. Oryngozhin E. S., Moldabaeva G. Zh. Foundations of chemical recovery of metals from leaching solutions through electrical action. Chemical Science. 2012. pp. 86–93.
35. Bagasharova G. Z., Abdelmaksoud Z. T., Abdugaliyeva A. S., Sabirova G. Y., Moldabayeva L. B. Recovery of water aquifers after the impact of in-situ leaching of uranium. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM. 2015. No. 2. pp. 19–25.
36. Abdelmaksoud A. S., Soviyetovich O. Y., Abdugaliyeva G. Y., Sabirova L. B., Shukmanova A. A. The structures controlling the hydrocarbon potentiality of Kashagan field, southern part of Precaspian depression, Kazakhstan. 15^th International Multidisiplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM-2015. 2015. No. 2. pp. 493–499.